Did you try Douglas Steele's Compact and Repair suggestion (Tools > Database
Utilities)? That should have allowed you to add columns (after backing up,
of course).
It sounds as if you are adding data directly to the table. If so, that is
not a good idea. Tables are where data are stored; forms are for adding,
editing, etc. the data; reports are for printing. If you want the look of a
table you can use the from wizard to make a datasheet form, which will look
like a table, but will keep users out of the table's design area (or at
least make it necessary to go through extra steps to change the table
design). Or you may decide it is easier to work with data if you take
another approach to form design.
On another point, queries will let you filter the records by date. As for
breaking demographics and Accts Receivable into separate tables, a good idea
no doubt. Let me point out that a lot of people have experience migrating
data from spreadsheets (which is essentially what you have now, I think) to
a relational database, so time taken to see how others have tackled the
problem will be well spent.